SS- 2nd test

SS

Aim: The Industrial Revolution

Instead of making things by hand, things were made by machine. Industrial means the making of goods. It was an economic and social change. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the late 18th century.
What led to the Industrial Revolution?
1. Agrarian Revolution- in farming.
2. Population Explosion- more children were being born and surviving birth.
3. Energy Revolution- Different types of energy can make machines run.

Aim: Factors leading to the Industrial Revolution

1. Agrarian Revolution- was advances in agriculture- new farming techniques were discovered.
a. Dutch- dykes- a wall that kept water from overflowing the land. Now more
land was available for farming
b. Improved fertilizers- to improve soil so it can produce more food.
c. Charles Townshend- planting turnips/ crop rotation- not planting the same
produce in the same fields year after year.
d. Tull- seed drill- a device that deposits seeds evenly. Leads to more food.
Enclosure movement- happened in Britain. Wealthy landowners bought more land- now they can plant more crops. The farmers who sold their land had nothing to do. This led to the opening of factories because there was available labor.
2. Population Explosion- more nutrition became available especially in England where the Agrarian Revolution began. The population in England doubled. Now people were living longer. There were advances in medicine. When woman gave birth, their babies or themselves no longer died. There was also an increase in hygiene. They learnt about germs and keeping things sterilized. Disease also became less widespread.
3. Energy Revolution- new ways to power machines were invented. Up until now horsepower was used. In the 1700s, it was discovered that heating up water could move heavy metal- steam power. This lead to the invention of trains and boats, which could stay on path. With trains and boats, goods could now be transported.

The combination of these 3 things all together led to the Industrial Revolution. “Necessity is the mother of invention”.

Aim: 1. Why does the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
2. Early inventions
3. Impact of the inventions

1. The industrial revolution begins in England because:
a. England has an island location. This advantageous because England wasn’t involved in Europe’s battles and they were able to focus on industrialization.
b. Had resources- coal and iron. These resources are needed for industrialization.
c. Has fast flowing rivers with powerful currents- good for waterpower, which made machines run.
d. Had many workers because of the Enclosure Movement and because of the Population Explosion.
e. Capital- large amounts of money were available for investment by many rich English. These investors became entrepreneurs.
f. England had the ideal government for a nation about to embark on industrialization. The government was stable and helpful. English believed in laissez faire- business is business and government is government, and the two shall never intertwine.
2. The early inventions were mainly in transportation and textiles. Originally fabric was made in cottage industries- peasants would make fabric in their cottages. When there was a Population Explosion, more textiles were needed and the cottage industries couldn’t keep up.
a. Flying shuttle- wove thread. One man in one day could now make what a town of people made in 3 weeks.
b. Spinning Jenny- spun thread.
c. Cotton gin- separated seeds from cotton fluff. Now there’s more cotton available.
3. The impact of the inventions was that the factory system emerged. Factories were
needed for machines. Urbanization occurred- people moved from rural areas to be
closer to factories in cities.

Aim: The impact of the Industrial Revolution on the working and middle classes

1. Middle class- the middle class were the managers or owners of factories of mines or inventors. This put them above the lower class. Some entrepreneurs made it to the upper class. The middle class enjoyed the quality of life. The men worked, and the women called upon each other, and spent lots of time on their wardrobe because they had nothing else to do.
2. Working class- had to work in:
a. Factory-
1. Had long hours with low wages.
2. Child labor.
3. Lived in tenement buildings- bad apartment housing.
4. No safety devices- many got injured on the job.
Many skilled people now found that they were being replaced by machine, and they had to now work in factories. Labor unions were formed, but didn’t have any impact.
b. Mines- to get resources
1. People did animal labor- dragged resources through tunnels.
2. People became hunchbacks, and their lungs were destroyed.
Sadler Committee- sent by British government to investigate the working
conditions, and to interview factory workers and mine workers.

Aim: Supporters and Opponents of Laissez Faire

“Every man as long as he does not violate the laws… is left free to pursue his own interests… in business”. - Adam Smith from his book Wealth of Nations. Smith said that government shouldn’t make rules so that people can make money.

As people saw problems in working masses, they asked if they should have Laissez Faire.
Many people believed in social Darwinism- in our society there are those who are meant to be rich and they are the fittest, and that there are those who are going to be poor and there’s nothing to be done about it.

2 people spoke out about Laissez Faire:
1. Bentham- society is supposed to benefit the majority.
2. Mill- the government must protect workers and workers must have the right to vote.

Aim: Socialism- a rising movement in the 19th century

Capitalism vs. Socialism
1. Capitalism- economic system. Purpose of capitalism is opportunity.
a. Goes hand in hand with Laissez Faire
b. Strong focus on profit earning
c. Private Enterprise- people can have their own businesses
d. Lead to abuse of workers
e. There was now a huge gap between the rich and poor. The wealthy could make lots of money and the poor couldn’t get ahead.
Some people felt capitalism should be demolished, and some didn’t.
2. Socialism- brought about by the negatives of capitalism. Socialism responded to the horrors of the early years of the Industrial Revolution. Socialism is about sharing the wealth- the workers or government should own the means of production. The only case of successful socialism is Kibbutzim. Socialism is really impractical because someone needs to be in control.
Early socialists were known as Utopian Socialists. They felt they could establish a perfect society.
a. Robert Owen- set up a little community in Scotland where
1. People worked 8 hours a day in safe conditions.
2. Had paid vacations.
3. School for kids.
4. Healthcare center
The community went bankrupt and people said that this is proof that socialism doesn’t work.

Aim: Marxism/ Communism

Some people said to keep capitalism and work with it, while other people said to get rid of it and introduce socialism.

Karl Marx came up with the ultimate form of socialism- scientific socialism. He called it Scientific Socialism because it was very well researched. He wrote his ideas in books:
1. Communist Manifesto (wrote with Fredrick Engels)- was a small pamphlet of their ideas.
2. Das Kapital- wrote his ideas in great detail.
Marx was Jewish. He came from great rabbinical lineage, but his father was an atheist.

Marx’s Ideas:
1. All of history is influenced by economics- history is interpreted through economics. Marx only focused on economic issues. This led to problems because not every war and idea occurs because of economics.
2. Class struggle- there are 2 groups of people- have and have-nots. Struggle is between capitalists (factory owners) and proletariats (working class). He said we see that the capitalists are taking advantage of the proletariats. Really there was some cooperation between the capitalists and proletariats- together they produced things.
3. Communism is inevitable- workers will unite, revolt, overthrow the capitalistic system and introduce communism. “Workers of the world unite… rise up and throw off your chains” – Marx. Marx ignored nationalism- workers would rather live in poverty then join together with workers from other countries.
4. Dictatorship of the proletariat- the state will wither away- there’ll be a classless society. The reality is the government never gave up control; it became stricter to keep power.

Russia was agrarian- these ideas were for an industrial country. Russia was the first country to have communism and the communist revolution started there.

Aim: Reforms made in response to the Industrial Revolution

Why did communism not start in Britain? Because reforms were made in response to the Industrial Revolution.

Reforms under capitalist system in Britain:
1. Child labor- had the Sadler Committee investigate the labor in factories. In 1833, the factory act was passed- it said children under 9 can’t work and older children should have limited hours.
2. Increased representation in government- more people are going to be represented in the British government. The Reform Bill of 1832 eliminated rotten boroughs, which meant people in cities got more representation than those people in rotten boroughs.
3. Increased suffrage- in 1885 workers got the right to vote. In 1918 woman got the right to vote.
4. Workers rights- workers earned rights through protest. In 1825, labor unions became legal. In 1847, the Ten Hours Act was passed- no man or woman can work longer than 10 hours. The Employer Liability Act said the employer is responsible for people hurt on the job.
5. Education- before the late 1800s, education was only able to select people. In 1870, public school was open for everyone grades K-8, where they focused on the 3 “r”s. This was good, because now the population won’t have to do menial labor. There was an unequal education between girls and boys.
6. Urban improvement- cities used to be crowded, ugly, and full of crime. Serious efforts were put into the improvement of the cities such as parks, paved streets, lights, police and fire departments and safer buildings.
The result of all the reforms was an increased quality of life.

Aim: Global impact of the Industrial Revolution

1. Migrations- people moved from one country to another because as jobs filled in one country, people would move to countries to start industrializing. The US was a major refugee country because it had freedom, no frequent revolutions and no persecution (for Jews.)
2. Nations communicate and trade- interacting in ways not previously possible. Before people couldn’t travel far to sell their goods, but now they can.
3. Nations without resources could:
a. Buy resources to industrialize.
b. Take over colonies- imperialism.

Aim: Motivation for new Imperialism

Imperialism is one nation controlling another nation, resulting in the relationship of a mother country (imperial power) and her colonies.

Old Imperialism was when Britain, Spain, France and Russia took over colonies in the Americas in the 1500s- early 1800s. New Imperialism took place in the 19th century in Africa and Asia by European nations.

Motivations-
1. Economic (to become rich)-
a. Resources-
1. Iron
2. Coal
3. Rubber
4. Tin
5. Copper
6. Metals
7. Petroleum- oil
b. Mercantilism- used colonies as markets to make money. European countries made few goods when they started out. As the demand got greater, they began to produce a lot of supplies. As the objects became part of everyday life, the demand was not as great. The European nations looked at the colonies as a great to sell their extra goods.
2. Political- prestige and power come from owning an empire. The more colonies a country owned, the more important it was. It also meant that wherever you were you were near home- you always had a place to restock ships.
3. Humanitarian/ religion- believed in civilize and Christianize. At that time, people didn’t value other cultures, and the Europeans thought they were doing the Africans and Asians a favor by teaching them to be civil. They:
a. Introduced hospitals.
b. Introduced better medical care.
c. Ended harmful practices such as foot binding.
The humanitarian acts were good, though the religion part wasn’t.
4. Racial/ Social Darwinism- The Europeans came to African and Asian countries and saw savage people. They felt they were more fit to live and have the right to take over. This theory goes hand in hand with racism. Kipling, a believer in Social Darwinism who lived at this time, wrote a poem The White Man’s Burden. It said in it “Take up the white man’s burden, send forth the best ye breed. Go bind your sons to exile- to serve your captives need… your new- caught sullen peoples- half devil and half child”.

How are the European nations going to get the colonies?
1. The European nations have guns and well-equipped armies and navies. “Whatever happens we have got the Maxim gun- and they have not.”
2. The European nations have an organized government and are industrialized. The tribes couldn’t unite amongst themselves and the Europeans were organized.
3. The European nations had the telegraph. They could communicate and ask for more troops and get them immediately.
4. The European nations had steam ships, which helped them travel to Africa and Asia.

Forms of control-
1. Colony- the total control of one nation over another with the imperial power making all the decisions.
2. Sphere of influence- economic control- mercantilism. Not as powerful as political control.

Aim: European nations colonize Africa-

For 100s of years, Africa was known as the “Dark Continent” by the European nations because the Europeans weren’t really comfortable with most of the areas in Africa besides for Carthage and the tip of Africa. Cartographers drew a blank map full of animals and black people hanging from mango trees because the interior of Africa was unknown. For this reason, Europeans were scared to take over.

In the late 1800s, the Europeans sent people to explore Africa and send back information to the government about the interior of Africa. One of the explorers was a man named Dr. Livingstone, who was sent by the Britain government. Livingstone was a young doctor who left to Africa with his family. He helped the Africans with his medicines and spread Christianity. Livingstone sent back information to the British government. He was the first white man to set his eyes on Victoria Falls, the tallest waterfall, which he named after Queen Victoria. Livingstone disappeared for a while and the government figured he was dead. An American reporter by the name of Henry Stanly went to Africa to search for Livingstone. When he found him, he said, “ Dr. Livingstone I presume”. Livingstone became family with the blacks. He taught them language, religion and culture. When Livingstone died, the Africans sent his body back to Britain.

As Britain began taking over territories, so did the French, Portuguese, Italians and Germans. In 1875, the land all belonged to the Africans, but by 1885, almost all of Africa was in European hands. This period of time is known as the “Scramble for Africa”. In 1885, all the European nations that owned land in Africa met in Berlin for the Berlin Conference, where they drew lines to define boundaries in Africa. Not one black was there.

Cecil Rhodes was a British man who believed in taking over lots of territory. He said, “From Cape to Cairo”.

Did any Africans resist? Some did, but mostly their fights weren’t successful.
1. Ethiopia kept their independence. At this time, Ethiopia was very strong. Ethiopia’s king, Menelick, realized he needed guns to fight the Europeans. He sold ivory for guns.
2. Liberia kept their independence. Liberia was the place of the slave trade, so it was already controlled by whites, and was left alone.
3. The Zulu were tall Africans with grey- black skin. They fought against the Europeans and were unsuccessful, but they put up a good fight- they ran towards the guns.

There was competition and war over who gets what territory, for example the Boer wars. The Dutch and the British fought the Boer wars over South Africa. South Africa was considered a hot spot because it has a good climate and has diamond mines.

The Congo region was ruled by Belgium. The king of Belgium, King Leopold, told the Belgians to work on making Belgium rich.

Aim: Effects of European rule on Africa

The Europeans left major effects on the Africans. All the Africans underwent major changes in a negative way. Now, if you travel to Africa, you’ll see remnants of a society once run by Europeans. You’ll see old railroad lines, hospitals and churches. You will also hear European languages spoken.

How did European rule affect Africa?
1. Boundaries were disregarded- now new boundaries were made.
2. Changes in agriculture- the Africans used to plant together (yams, okras) and divide all the food fairly among everyone. Now, the Europeans forced the Africans to grow cash crops such as coffee, cotton and peanuts. This led to a decrease in the Africans’ nutrition.
3. Africans were taxed- they got paid to work, then they were taxed.
4. Exploited resources- the Europeans took the resources out of the ground and exported them.
5. Transportation and communication- the Europeans put in railroads so they could send resources to Europe and telegraphs so they could communicate with the people back home and more effectively control the Africans.
6. The Europeans didn’t follow the Africans’ laws- this shows disrespect for the culture you’re in
7. Education- the Europeans set up schools. This was good because now the Africans got an education, but it was bad because the Europeans brainwashed the Africans, and those Africans who were smart became the Europeans’ pets. They sent them to Europe to be educated so they could eventually help the Europeans rule. This was also bad because it led to family instability and jealousy.
8. Hospitals and medicine- this led to a decrease in infant mortality and increase in life expectancy. This population explosion was bad because it led to shortages of food.

Aim: The British colonize India

India was a very valuable colony because it had spices, teas and other valuable resources.

Since the 1700s, the British East India Company controlled India. The British East India Company set up trading posts in India, and then began to take control of India bit by bit. The British enjoyed mercantilism- they sent Indian cotton, tea and sugar to Britain. The British East India Company was doing such a good job in India, that the British didn’t need to come control themselves.

Some effects of company rule on India:
1. Railroads- to send goods.
2. Telegraph- communication.
3. Schools- taught that the Indian religion and culture is no good. The British replaced the Indian way of writing, Sanskrit, with English. This was not good because unlike the Africans, the Indians already had an established culture and religion.
In general, the Indian people were treated as inferior. The British moved to India because it was an easy life- they had many servants for very cheap. The British were treated like royalty (even the children), while the Indians were treated like children.
4. The Britains worked to some barbaric Indian practices
a. Sati- widow(s) would jump into the flames of her deceased husband’s burning body at his funeral. Why was this done? Because widows were considered contaminated, and they felt it would be better to be dead.
b. Caste system/untouchable discrimination- the lowest class of the Caste system was known as the untouchables. They were considered contaminated and did lowly work. The British helped to end this.
c. Female infanticide- the Indians would kill baby girls because when they married, they would move away, and not stay and help support like the boys. The British also helped to end this practice.

The British felt the Indians should be thanking them for all the positive they did. Many Indians however didn’t appreciate the British. Indian resentment of the British grew until in 1857, they finally rebelled. What caused this rebellion?
1. Indians were resentful of the British.
2. The straw that broke the camel’s back- rumor had it that the bullets were greased. When the soldiers of the British East India Company (some British, but mostly Indians- Sepoys) would bite open the packages, they would get some of the grease in their mouths. Some of the soldiers were Hindus and some Muslims. The Hindus don’t eat beef and the Muslims don’t eat pork. They were scared that the grease was animal fat; maybe coming from the animal they won’t eat.
The Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny resulted in the deaths of many British until they were able to get reinforcements who put down the rebellion.

This rebellion led to uneasy feelings. The British now realized how the Indians felt about them.

The British back in Britain felt that the British East India Company couldn’t control India any longer, and they came and took over. Now India was an official colony of Britain. India was considered the jewel in the crown of the British Empire.

Aim: China under foreign dynasty

The Chinese are an ethnocentric people. The Chinese felt that foreigners were barbarians, and that no one could compare with their:
1. Porcelain
2. Language
3. Dress
4. Furniture
Why did the Chinese feel like this? Because they were isolated- China was surrounded by mountains and dessert.
The Chinese had a pretty advanced culture- that was discovered by Marco Polo.

China believed they didn’t need everything from foreign countries. The Chinese didn’t get any goods from Europe. The Europeans traded with the Chinese for tea, silk, porcelain- who valuable goods. The Chinese opened up one port for trade, where the Chinese gave the Europeans goods for money- not goods. The Europeans were upset because this was trade deficit- when nations buy more then they sell. The Chinese had trade surplus- sell more then they buy.

The Europeans wanted to find a way to trade with the Chinese with more port- they wanted to take over. The Europeans wanted to find something the Chinese needed. In the 1800s, the British sold opium, a drug derived from poppies, to the Chinese. The Chinese became addicted and wanted tons of opium. The Chinese needed so much opium, they actually began paying the British with silver. By the late 1830s, the Chinese realized:
1. They were wasting money.
2. Opium is dangerous for the people.
3. The Chinese suffered the effects of addiction.
In 1839, the Chinese demanded the British to stop sending opium to China. The British saw this as the opportunity they were waiting for to fight with the Chinese. They sent $2 million worth of opium to the Chinese, who exploded the ship.

The British started the Opium war. This war was the Chinese junks versus the British warships. The British easily defeated the Chinese. Now, the British controlled China. The Treaty of Nanjing was signed:
1. The Chinese had to pay for the war.
2. The Chinese had to give Hong Kong to Britain- didn’t get it back until 1998.
3. The Chinese had to open more ports for trade.
4. The British get extraterritoriality- the British don’t follow the Chinese law, only their own. The British set up courts in China to protect themselves.

Aim: Chinese struggle against foreign control

Effects of the Treaty of Nanjing on the Chinese:
1. Humiliation- the Chinese thought they were superior. They were living in an illusion land of strength. Now they lost the war and had to suffer from the treaty.
2. Had no control over trade.
3. Sphere of influence- once Britain won, other countries such as Germany, France, Russia and Japan came to get parts of China. Sphere of influence= economic control + extraterritoriality.
4. Missionaries came to China- they spread Christianity. This was embarrassing because the Chinese had their own religion.

At this time, the Manchu (Quing) dynasty was ruling in China. They were the people who introduced the ponytails. The Manchu dynasty was a weak and corrupt dynasty. There was also overpopulation and floods. This is a bad combination because this led to food shortages. The people were frustrated and resentful.

About 30 million peasants rebelled in the Taiping Rebellion. This was probably the biggest peasant rebellion ever. They said they felt the government should give them food and land. The Manchu alone couldn’t put the rebellion down, so they got help from the Europeans. Why did the Europeans help? Because they liked the Manchu dynasty because it was weak- like a puppet.
As a result of the rebellion, China was weak. Japan came and fought with them in the Sino- Japanese war. The Japanese wanted land, and ended up getting the island of Taiwan.

The people blamed the Manchu dynasty for all of their problems because of the Manchu’s refusal to modernize. Why did the Manchu’s refuse to modernize? Because Ci Xi, the empress, was traditional. She was so against reform, she put her nephew, the king, in jail when he started introducing reforms.

A group of people decided to rebel in the Boxer Rebellion. The Chinese worked out until they thought they were so strong that the foreigner’s bullets would bounce off of them. The Europeans won in 5 days.

The Chinese were getting desperate. Then, in 1908, Ci Xi died and the Chinese got new hope. The people wanted a new government. Sun Yixuan wanted to form a new government. He had a plan of how to take over China and how to get out the foreigners, making him very popular.

China: 1330s- 1900









In the early 1900s, girls could go to school.

The Chinese realized there was a need for radical change. They felt they had to rid themselves of the Manchu Dynasty, which proved itself as no good.

Many reform groups were formed in China. One of them was headed by Sun Yixuan. He had a clear idea of what type of government China should have. He called his itinerary “3 Principles of the People”. The 3 principles were:
1. Nationalism- foreigners need to be kicked out of China.
2. Democracy- a representative government. This is a huge change because China was ruled by dynasties for 1000s of years. This was the key part of his government.
3. Livelihood- economic security. Sun Yixuan told the people that they’d get land. They would get economic security by becoming part of the global market.

Ci Xi died in the early 1900s. Many people wanted to overthrow the rest of the dynasty. When it came to picking a new ruler of China, Sin Yixuan was chosen and he became the president. Now China is a republic.

Sun Yixuan had many enemies. Some people were in favor of socialism, some of communism, and some of a balance of powers.

For the next 40 years, China suffered from many revolutions of people fighting with each other, until China landed up with Communism.

Aim: Meiji Restoration- Japan modernizes

Japan escaped the fate of being colonized because it had the foresight to modernize. What took place that helped Japan make reforms?

From the 1600s- mid 1800s, Japan was under a feudal system.
1. Shogun- military leader.
2. Daimyo- landowners.
3. Samurai- soldiers.
4. Peasants

Japan had an emperor, but he was powerless.

The shogun decided that Japan would adopt the policy of isolationism- no one may move out and no one may move in. The only contact with the rest of the world was Japan’s port city of Nagasaki, and only the Dutch could come trade here. This was frustrating for the rest of the world because Japan had good resources.

In 1839, Japan got a warning that their independence may be threatened- Opium war.

In 1853, the US sent Mathew Perry to Japan with a fleet of ships. Perry demanded that the Japanese:
1. Open more ports so the US could trade with them.
2. Use Japan as a place to refuel their ships.
When the Japanese saw the fleet of ships, they were intimidated and said they’d open ports for trade. In the Treaty of Kannagaua, the Japanese were forced to open 2 ports. After the treaty, other European nations followed, and gained trade with Japan.

A group of Japanese officials realized that they needed change so as not to be devoured like China. The shogun was blamed for this incident, even though it really wasn’t his fault (the Japanese only had spears and Samurai swords), and the emperor was bought back to power in order to fill his place. The emperor was only 15 at the time, and was used as a puppet.

This era was known as the Meiji (ruler) Restoration- the emperor was brought back to modernize and industrialize Japan. The Meiji Restoration was the most serious turning point in all of Japanese history. The motto of the Meiji Restoration was “rich country, strong military”- industrialized country with a powerful army.

Japan sent diplomats to Europe and the US to learn how to industrialize.

Some of the changes made in Japan were:
1. Political-
a. Went from feudal system to emperor and legislature (diet). Had a government similar to the Germans.
b. Some men had the right to vote.
2. Military-
a. Was modernized with western style weapons such as guns.
b. All men are required to serve in the army- it quadrupled in size.
3. Economic-
a. Banks
b. Railroads
c. Telegraphs
d. Factories
e. Mines
f. Cities.

By 1890, Japan looked just as industrialized as everyone else.

Aim: Imperialism in South East Asia

South East Asia was the Spice Islands, where during the Age of Exploration the Europeans came desperately for spices. The main goal of getting these nations was for resources such as:
1. Rubber
2. Copper
3. Metals
4. Tin
5. Lumber
South East Asia was also good planting territory.

The Europeans took over in a sneaky way: they began by trading, and then little by little took over land.

Many European nations colonized Asia. The countries that got the most land were:
1. Dutch/ Netherlands- took over the Dutch East Indies. They took over Indonesia, an archipelago of about 3000 islands.
2. Britain- took over:
a. Burma- now known as Myanmar.
b. Singapore
c. Malaysia
3. France- took over Indo- China, which consisted of:
a. Laos
b. Cambodia
c. Vietnam
4. US- took over:
a. Philippines
b. Hawaii- for pineapples
c. Guam

Thailand aka Siam remained independent. How did they stay independent? The king of Thailand, King Mongkut, told the Europeans he would give them the trading rights they wanted as long as they didn’t take over. Then, Mongkut began to industrialize like Japan by importing professionals to Thailand to help. Though there were culture clashes, the Thai ended up with an industrialized army, and they broke away from the Europeans.
As WWI drew closer, the countries realized they could situate naval bases in the territories they owned.

In the 1950s, most of these countries gained their independence.

Aim: Imperialism in Canada, Australia and New Zealand

Canada, Australia and New Zealand are different then the territories we discussed previously because they got their independence a lot faster.

1. Canada- was taken over by France in the 1700s, then Britain came and took some land. Canada was divided:
a. Upper part- Ontario- British
b. Lower part Quebec- France
By 1900, Canada was independent because the reason for taking over territory is social Darwinism, but there were so many French living in Canada, it wasn’t necessary.
2. Australia- was discovered by Captain Cook, a British sea captain. Australia was down under and hard to find.
The native Australians were called Aboriginals. They had dark skin, dark eyes and were short.
The British realized they needed to settle the land, but Australia was an 8-month journey from Britain, so no one wanted to go. The British ended up sending their convicts to Australia.
Australia is mostly desert- outback. People only lived on 10% of the country.
In the mid 1800s, gold was discovered in Australia- motivation for people to go.
3. New Zealand- was discovered by Captain Cook.
New Zealand is the closest country to Antarctica.
New Zealand is the only place where kiwis are grown.
New Zealand was settled by many British. The original people in New Zealand are called Mauri- had body paints, wore clothes made from animals.

Aim: Imperialism: Motivation- canal building

Canal building is a main reason why nations imperialized.

1. Suez Canal- in order for people to get from Europe to India, they had to go all the way around Africa. France asked Egypt if they could join together and build a canal through Egypt. The Egyptians agreed, and the French sent over professional engineers to build the canal.
The Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas. This caused a revolution in world travel because it shortened travel and trade time. This canal was built with manual labor.
The Egyptians couldn’t pay for their part of the canal, so the British bought it off them. The building of this canal showed how weak the Ottoman Empire was, that someone could build a canal in their territory without asking them permission first. Britain decided that if the Ottoman Empire is weak, they could take over Egypt. They took Egypt as a protectorate. Egypt didn’t get their independence until the 1920s and didn’t get the canal back until the 1950s.
2. Panama Canal- A MAN A PLAN A CANAL, PANAMA. The Panama Canal was built in the early 1900s. President Roosevelt wanted a canal in Central America- Panama. He helped Panama revolt from Columbia, and then took the canal as a thank you gift. 6,000 people died while building this canal. The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

There are only 2 canals that cut through continents- the Panama and Suez canals.

Aim: Causes of war

The Congress of Vienna kept war away for 100 years. Why do we have war now with more nations than ever before? Nations are more connected because of imperialism.

Causes of war:
1. Imperialistic competition-
a. France and Germany almost went to war over Morocco.
b. Germany threatened lots nations such as Britain. There was lots of competition from Germany because now they’re united and built up.
2. Economic competition- up until the 1900s, Britain had the strongest economy, but now:
a. Germany rose economically.
b. Russia also rose economically, and they had so many resources no one could beat them.
3. Military competition- every nation began to build up an army and navy because as each nation built up, every other nation reacted by improving their armies and navies. The competition was between Britain and Germany, but now Germany was improving.
4. Glorification of war- people forgot what war is really about- they thought it was exciting. Really, war was brutal.
5. Nationalism- is about strength and power but can also be aggressive because everyone wants the biggest empire.
a. The Germans wanted to show off in WWI everything they built up.
b. After the Franco-Prussian war, France lost Alsace- Lorain, and they want it back.
c. Russia had Pan-Slavism- unification of the Slavic people. This was a problem because all the Slavic people were in different territories. The Ottomans were losing Slavic territory to the Russians. The Ottomans were afraid of the Athenians (were Christians) because they were connected with the Russians, and killed all million of them out.
6. Alliances- when countries buddy up with each other. There were 2 alliances:
a. The Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and the Ottomans (at the end).
b. The Triple Entente- France, Britain and Russia.

Aim: Outbreak of WWI

In 1914, Europe was a tense region. There was a lot of competition, nationalism and the warped idea that war is fun.

The Balkan region had a lot of tension. The Balkan region of Bosnia was under Austrian- Hungary rule. The Bosnians were a Slavic people, and felt they should’ve been under Russian or neighboring Serbian rule.

On June 28, 1914, the archduke of Austria- Hungary, Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. There was a small terrorist group of Bosnians and Serbians called the Black Hand, who plotted to kill the archduke and his wife. While they were riding in an open limo through the streets of Sarajevo, Gavrilo Princip shot the archduke and his wife. This was known as “the shot heard around the world”. The Balkan powder keg now exploded and caused a war.

Germany told Austria- Hungary not to let the Bosnians get away with this, and that they would help in war. Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia with Germany at their side. Italy also joined them and they became known as the Central Powers. France, Britain and Britain all joined Serbia and formed the Allies.

All the countries had to mobilize their armies for war by making drafts, uniforms… Germany was the first country to mobilize. They marched through Belgium and came to the countrysides of France- Somme and Verdun. France was already prepared and the British joined them. For the next 4 years, these nations fought at these places, and there was a stalemate.

Aim: Fighting fronts of WWI

The Western Front, by the France and German border had many battles there for 4 years. Millions of people died. The French and German fought with trench war fare- they dug pits about 8 feet high, and that’s where the soldiers stayed. When someone would scream “over the top”, both sides would come out of their trenches, and fight in the middle.

In the Battle of Somme, 60,000 people died.

New weapons-
1. Submarines- sunk Luistania.
2. Rifles
3. Poison gas
4. Planes

Never before had so many people died in war, but with new weapons, killing so many people was now possible.

How was this a world war?
1. The US joined in 1917.
2. Colonies joined the war.


Aim: WWI- turning point for the Allies

The turning points were:
1. In 1917, the US joined the war. Why?
a. The Lusitania was torpedoed- it was a British passenger ship with American passengers.
b. Zimmerman telegram- Germany sent Mexico a telegram telling them to attack the US. The US intercepted it immediately, and Woodrow Wilson said, “Need to make the world safe for democracy”.
c. The British issued the Balfour Declaration- they’ll support the setting up of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
The US got ready to send help to Europe. The US mobilized, and in 1918, 2 million troops- dough boys- were sent to Europe. The US gave the whole army more strength.
2. In 1917, Russia dropped out of the war- the same time the US joined, Russia dropped out because they had just overthrown the czar of Russia. Germany was excited about this because now they can direct all their troops to the Western front. The Russians gave the Germans some territory- they signed the Brest Litovsk treaty.

On November 11, 1918, the Germans signed an armistice- they surrendered.

Aim: The Treaty of Versailles

27 nations came to participate in the writing of the treaty. The British, French and US got the biggest say in the treaty. Their representatives were:
1. Britain- Lloyd George- wanted revenge on Germany.
2. France- Clemenceau- wanted revenge on Germany. He said, “we want to squeeze Germany until the pip squeak.”
3. Woodrow Wilson- said not to focus on revenge, but rather on preventing another war. Why was he the clearest in the mind?
a. The US came at the end of the war- they hadn’t been fighting for so long.
b. The fighting wasn’t on their territory.
Wilson made a list of 14 points he wanted incorporated into the treaty:
a. Freedom of the seas- no country can submarine another country’s ships.
b. All people should have self determination- all nations should be independent. This wasn’t actually done.
c. No secret treaties- such as the Brest Litovsk treaty. No secret agreements.
d. A League of Nations- a club of nations joined together to prevent future wars. It was like a large alliance system.

Points in the Treaty of Versailles-
1. A League of Nations was made.
2. Germany lost Alsace- Lorain to France.
3. Poland became a country again.
4. Germany lost territory overseas.
5. The League of Nations takes German colonies as mandates- a temporary colony. The countries that won the war took mandates and ruled them until they got their independence.
6. Reduced army.
7. Germany had to pay for the war.

The map after the war was very different from the map before the war:
1. Russia and Germany had to give up land to Poland.
2. Alsace- Lorain went back to France.
3. Yugoslavia was created.
4. Palestine becomes a British mandate.

Now, everyone had to sign the treaty. Germany was very upset. Wilson didn’t want territory, but because of the US system of checks and balances, he had to ask the Senate before signing. They didn’t let him. Many historians believe that had the US signed the treaty, there would have been no WWII.

Aim: The Russian Revolution

Causes of the downfall of the Romonov czars:
1. In 1905, the Russo-Japanese war was fought. The Japanese won, and the czar became very unpopular.
2. Bloody Sunday
3. Duma- the czar set up a representative government to show the people that he acknowledged them, but it wasn’t really representative.
4. Many land-less peasants- serfs were freed about 30 years before, and now they had no land, money or source of income.
5. Russia started industrializing- conditions were horrific.
6. Russia got involved in WWI in 1914- they were so ill prepared, they sent soldiers to the battlefront with no ammunition. 2 million soldiers died in the 1st few months.
7. Rasputin- he was a monk who basically ran the czar’s court. How did he get so much power? Czar Nicholai had a hemophiliac (because of intermarriages) son named Alexus. Rasputin was able to stop the bleeding, therefore he got the power. A group of men decided to kill him by:
a. Poisoning him- he lived.
b. Shot him- he survived.
c. Shot him again- he still survived
d. Tied him up and dumped him in the river- he finally drowned.
8. Enormous food shortages- this was the last straw.

In March of 1917, woman marched through Russia asking the czar for bread. The czar told his soldiers to kill them, but the soldiers refused. This shows that the czar was losing power. In March of 1917, the czar abdicated, hoping he could at least survive.

A group of government officials set up a provisional court. At this time, Russia was still in middle of fighting WWI, but no one wanted it. About 100 revolution groups wanted to take over the Russian government. The strongest group was the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin. Lenin had revolutionary blood in him and had a hatred for czars (his brother had tried to kill the czar). When Lenin grew up, he became a Marxist- Communist. Lenin got sent to Siberia, and when he returned was exiled to Switzerland. He kept in touch with Russian people so he would know when his moment come to come back to Russia and take over. When Lenin heard about the czar’s abdication, with the help of Germany, he returned to Russia. He had 1000s of supporters. He said, “to make an omelet, we need to break eggs, to make a revolution we need to break heads”. Lenin promised the Russian people “peace, land and bread”:
1. Peace- get out of WWI- he signed the Brest Latovsk treaty, and Russia got out of the war.
2. Land- He took land from the rich and gave it to the poor.
3. Bread- efforts to end food shortages were made and workers were givin control over the factories and mines. Factories began to fall apart and Lenin realized he needed to take more strength. The government began to the control of the economy- war communism- took control of the factories and mines by telling them exactly what to do. The idea was that after the war, they’d go back to regular communism.

At this time, Russia erupted in a civil war- Bolsheviks vs. everyone else (czar supporters, rich, people who want democracy, socialists). It was known as the war between red (communists) and whites.

Aim: Russia under Lenin

When the Bolsheviks took over, the result was a civil war. Many Russians had begun to get discontented by Lenin. In order not to loose power, during the civil war, Lenin:
1. Issued red terror- terrorized people into following him. Innocent people were killed in the streets for being an enemy of Lenin.
2. Cheka- secret police, which spied on people.
3. Executed the czar and his family to show the whites that the czar isn’t coming back.

In 1921, the reds won primarily because they were all unified, while the whites were many groups of people who all hated each other.

Now, Lenin concentrated on ruling Russia. He realized they needed to do some economic reform. The goal was dictatorship of the proletariat- economy in which the proletariats rule. Lenin realized that the people were not yet ready for this and he temporarily introduced the capitalist system. New Economic Policy- people are allowed to open up their own businesses- “we must go one step forward, one step backward to get two steps forward”.

In 1924, Lenin died and didn’t leave clear instructions about who should take over. The choice was between:
1. Joseph Stalin
2. Leon Trotsky- was a Jew.
Trotsky was more popular and higher in the communist party, but Stalin had better connections and eventually took over. The first thing Stalin did when he took over was get rid of capitalism.