SS- 3rd test

Aim: Post WWI nationalistic movements

Both the cause and effect of WWI was nationalism.

Not all colonies struggled for independence now, but many will form nationalistic movements. Why? The Europeans indirectly caused colonies to struggle for independence. How? During WWI, people from the colonies came to Europe to fight for their mother countries. While in Europe, they absorbed European ideas such as independence and freedom.

Areas of nationalistic movements:
1. Middle East
a. Turkey
b. Iran (Persia)
c. Lebanon
d. Syria
e. Zionist- Palestine
2. Africa
a. Egypt
b. South Africa
c. Kenya
d. Nigeria
e. And others
3. Asia
a. India
b. China

Turkey- used to be part of the Ottoman Empire. Now, all that remains of the Ottoman Empire is Turkey.

At this time, Greece was trying to take over Turkey because they knew Turkey was weak. Turkey was being ruled at this time by a sultan. The Greeks gained strength in Turkey and it looked like they were going to take over, but Mustafa Kemal, a Turkish general, fought them. He won, and now that he had so much power, he overthrew the sultan and became leader of Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal wanted to modernize Turkey into a westernized, secular nation- he became interested in Japan because they started out in the same situation as Turkey. The first thing he did was get a last name because it’s more western- he became Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

Ataturk’s reforms:
1. Built roads and RR.
2. Factories- paid people from the west countries to teach people how to make factories.
3. Day of rest- Sunday.
4. Secular calendar is used.
5. Religious schools were closed, and secular schools were opened.
6. Woman shouldn’t wear their veils in public.
7. Woman got the right to vote.
8. Monogamy- only 1 wife per man.
9. Turkish alphabet was changed.

Ataturk faced a lot of opposition because people felt he was taking away their religious practices and they wanted an Islamic government. He managed to lead Turkey for a number of years. Turkey became a modern, secular country.

Aim: Nationalism in Iran (Persia)

Iran had their independence in jeopardy- over the generations, Britain and Russia had established spheres of influence in Iran. Iran was being ruled by a weak Shah who was unable to keep the foreign nations out of Iran. Iran was a very backwards country- rode camels, had no plumbing… A powerful leader in the army, Reza Kahn:
1. Overthrew the Shah
2. Rid Iran of foreign domination.

Reza Kahn became the new Shah. He modernized Iran:
1. RR and roads
2. Factories
3. Woman are asked not to wear their veils
4. Public schools with secular education
5. Woman got rights
6. Skyscrapers
Today, Iran is less modern than it was in the 1930s.

In the 1920-30s, the Shah faced religious opposition- the people felt they want a religious way of life and a religious government.

Aim: Arab nationalism grows

In the 1920s, oil was discovered in the Middle East. As nations began to industrialize further, they came to the realization that oil is the best fuel; it surpasses steam power. Fuel was now being used for cars, and during WWI was used for planes and tanks.

Arab countries felt that if they are so vital for their oil, they should get their independence. Since WWI, the Arab countries belonged to the Ottoman Empire and after WWI, they were taken as mandates by:
1. Britain- Palestine and Iraq
2. France- Syria and Lebanon

Pan Arabism- the unity among the Arab peoples- all the Arab mandates want independence. In the 1920s, Egypt does get their independence because of the Suez Canal.

Aim: Palestine- troubled mandate

Palestine was the most troubled mandate. Why? Because 2 groups of people, the Arabs and the Jews, both want control over it. There was a growing population of Zionists in Palestine who wanted it under their control, and there were also many Arabs in Palestine who wanted it under their control.

In 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration- the British will help the Zionists get Palestine as a homeland. This was a ray of hope for the Jews.

From 1919 to 1939, thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine (mostly Zionists). They set kibbutzim- raised chickens, planted… With in a couple of years, barren land was now giving forth produce. The Jewish population now boomed from 50,000 to half a million people.

At first the Arabs were happy- there was a lot of money coming into the country, but after a while the Arabs began to get nervous that there were too many Jews.

By the late 1920s, there were destructive events such as the Chevron Yeshiva Massacre.

The British were supposed to be policing in Palestine, but they weren’t so the Jews set up their own army- Haganah. The British set that it’s illegal to belong to the Haganah.

By 1939, the British were so frustrated with the tension between the Jews and the Arabs, and they feared there would be a civil war. They past a law in 1939- White Paper- only 75,000 Jews are allowed to enter Palestine. After this, the Arabs will get control of Palestine. This was bad timing because of WWII- many more Jews could’ve been saved. This law became known as the Black Paper.

Aim: Nationalism in India

In 1919, the British didn’t want to give the Indians self-government, so they had a demonstration in Amritsar. The British weren’t happy, and an officer told the soldiers to gun down the crowd. This massacre, known as the Amritsar Massacre, was a peaceful demonstration that turned into a horrific bloodbath. This was a turning point for the Indians; now they want total independence from the British.

Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi was a nationalistic leader and he led the Indian people to independence. Gandhi was a bright child, and was educated in Britain. He attended law school in England and afterwards was a lawyer in South Africa. In South Africa he saw the system of apartheid- blacks were kept away from the whites. The whites felt they were so superior to the blacks that they needed to be totally separate. Gandhi developed a sense of anti- discrimination and developed a policy of non-violence (aka passive resistance or civil disobedience) while in South Africa. The purpose of the policy of non-violence was to gain the sympathy of the world.

In about 1914, Gandhi returned to India and became the leader of the INC- Indian National Congress- nationalistic movement, which wanted independence from Britain. When Gandhi became ruler, he instituted his non-violence policy. Gandhi used passive resistance:
1. Told the Indian people to boycott British cotton cloth. People started making their own cloth with the spinning wheel.
2. Salt March- there was a British law, which stated that the Indians had to buy their salt from the British. Gandhi felt this was unfair because India is a peninsula- had tons of salt washed upon its shores. Gandhi marched with 78 other men and they collected salt- shows civil disobedience. 1000s of Indians joined the march. They marched 240 miles- it took 6 weeks. When they got there, Gandhi went into the water and began to pick up salt. As soon as he broke the law, Gandhi was arrested. This event made the British look bad and the Indians look good in the eyes of the rest of the world.

As it became clear that the Indians would gain their independence, the tension grew between the Hindus and Muslims. Gandhi was a Hindu, and the Muslims didn’t want the Hindus to rule. When Gandhi took over, the Muslims appointed Mohammed Ali Jinne as leader of the Muslim League (like the INC). The British realized that if they left India, there would be a civil war.

Aim: Nationalism in China

For 1000s of years, China was ruled by dynasties. The last dynasty, the Manchu dynasty, didn’t want change. At this time, China was divided into spheres of influence.

As a result of the Manchu dynasty’s refusal for change, Sun Yixuan overthrew the Manchu dynasty. He had an agenda- 3 Principles of the People:
1. Nationalism
2. Democracy
3. Livelihood
As leader of China, Sun Yixuan didn’t do much because he had lots of opposition. Sun Yixuan’s group was called the Nationalist party (aka Kuomintang Party), and because of the many opposing parties, he was unable to concentrate on getting things done. After a couple of years, he stepped down without having achieved his goal.

After he stepped down, there was chaos in China. There was no:
1. Stability
2. Law
3. Order

In the 1920s, Chiang Kai Shek (aka Jiang Jieshi) took over China. He became leader of the Nationalist party. He led China for a couple of years. Chiang Kai Shek was stronger than Sun Yixuan- he was a general in the army. He hoped to unite all the groups in China. Chiang Kai Shek wanted to create a republic.

He was greatly challenged by the Chinese Communist party. At this time, Communism had spread from Russia to China. Many Chinese felt that Communism would be great. Chiang Kai Shek began killing as many Communists as he could. At this time, the Nationalist party was still stronger than the Communist party. The Communist party was growing. Chiang Kai Shek couldn’t stabilize China because he was busy dealing with the Communist party. The leader of the Communist party was Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong ran away and built up a following of peasants supporters. The peasant’s strength lied in number and not physical strength. He went on the Long March. “In a very short time several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm”- Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong told his fellow marchers not to steal from the peasants and talk to them with respect to gain their support. The peasants became interested in Mao Zedong because he promised them land.

In the beginning of the war, the Nationalist party was stronger but as the war progressed, the Communists started emerging as the stronger power:
1. Got the support of the peasant.
2. Was a good leader.

1n 1939, everything stopped because of WWII- the civil war paused. During WWII, Japan was brutal to the Chinese; they killed many of them.

After WWII, the civil war continued and the Communists ended up winning resulting in Mao Zedong as ruler of China.

Aim: Russia under Stalin

Stalin took over Russia after Lenin. He ruled for over 20 years. Stalin set the tone of Communism for Russia.

When he took over Russia, he adopted the name Stalin- man of steel.

Russia became a totalitarian state- the state has total control. Really, Russia was supposed to have war Communism, but the people soon realized they were not going to get any control because Stalin had tools of control:
1. Secret police- KGB
2. Censorship- no one can own anything such as a book that speaks against Stalin.
3. Used terror
a. People would disappear, never to return again.
b. People were sent to the Siberian Gulags.
4. The government focused on propaganda- brainwashed the Russians starting from when they were little children that Stalin is so great.
5. War on religion- said religion is archaic and should be thrown out. Stalin claimed he was an atheist, but really he was an anti- Semite. Many Jews felt safer under Stalin than under the czars, but they gave up their spirituality. Now assimilation began.

Aim: Russia under Stalin

Stalin used every form of control possible to have total control over the people such as putting recording devices in the walls etc. This made the people terrified.

The type of economy that was introduced by Stalin was command economy- the government makes all the decisions.

Stalin put the five year plans into effect-
1. The first five years of leadership would be in modernizing industry-
a. Stalin focused on production of heavy industry-
1. Rail roads
2. Cars
3. Buses
4. Mines
5. Power stations
6. Ammunition
The focus was on heavy industry and not on light industry because Stalin
wanted Russia to look powerful.
b. There were problems with the factories-
1. No incentives so people didn’t work as hard as they could. Production slowed down, and as a result, there were enormous shortages.
2. Poor quality of goods- as a result the black market evolved- people illegally brought in and sold goods from other countries.
c. The health care was not good.
2. The next five years would focus on agriculture. Stalin got rid of the NEP because he wanted the government to have control over everything. Private farms were merged into collectives (kolkhoz). The purpose of this was to grow more. There was no incentive, so people didn’t want to join the collectives. Many people, mainly rich landowners (kulaks), gave up their lives instead of merging into collectives. The result of this was famine because of the lack of motivation- people were lazy on the collectives and many kulaks were dead.

Aim: Russia under Stalin

As the years of Stalin progressed, he became weird, paranoid and a maniac. In the 1930s, he felt he had to kill all of his enemies. He began by killing several million people with power because he felt they were a threat to his ruler ship. This was known as the Great Purge.

Now WWII broke out and Stalin didn’t have any generals for his army because he killed all of them.

In the 1950s, Stalin turned his wrath on the Jews. He killed every Jewish doctor in the Doctor’s Plot.

Stalin died in the 1950s, and people didn’t know how they could manage without him.

Advantages and disadvantages under Communism in Russia-
Advantages Disadvantages
Education Now, everyone could get an education- not just the elite. The Russians brainwashed everyone.
Healthcare Everyone got healthcare. Healthcare was inferior.
Jobs Everyone got a job. Woman worked full time.
Heavy industry Russia became the leading producer of heavy industry goods. Shortage of goods.
Housing for all No homeless people. Low quality housing.

By the time Stalin died, Russia had become a world power, but there was a price to pay- the people lived in a terrifying situation.

Aim: Pre WWII Era

Most countries (especially in Europe) after WWI spent the 1920s and 30s recovering and rebuilding.

In 1928, over 60 nations signed the Kellogg Briand pact- “we renounce was as an instrument of national policy”. Among the nations that signed were Germany, Japan, Russia etc. Germany and Japan signed so as not to look bad.

In 1931, Japan became the first nation since WWI to take serious aggressive action; they took Manchuria, which was Chinese territory.

The League of Nations was supposed to stop Japan but they just condemned Japan. The world now got the message that they won’t be fought against by the League of Nations if they do something wrong.

In 1929, the Great Depression broke out and the US stopped lending money to other countries. Democracies were hit hardest- 1/3 people had no job. People began going to soup kitchens and there was inflation (especially in Germany). There was lots of disillusionment with democracies because they believed in Laissez Faire, and clung to their policy even when the people were in the midst of a depression.

Aim: Rise of fascism (totalitarian)

People were willing to give up all their freedoms in exchange for a controlling government because they were in desperate need of change.

Fascism-
1. Individuals exist to serve the state- the government is everything and the people only exist to serve the government.
2. Extremely nationalistic government- think they’re the best.
3. Anti democratic- no freedoms. A very oppressive government.
4. Felt war is glorious- need to build an army and empire.
5. Unquestioning obedience- everyone listens without a word.

Italy became a fascist state. Why? Because of Mussolini’s promises to solve the problems in Italy:
1. Italian people are full of resentment and anger because they switched sides during the war and didn’t get anything for it.
2. Weak and corrupt government- the government is chaotic and many people don’t have jobs.

Mussolini’s promises:
1. End chaos
2. Stability
3. Mare nostrum- take over the Mediterranean area- build an empire.

Mussolini got many followers aka the Black Shirts. At this time, there was a king in Italy, King Emanuel II, so it was pretty risky to form an army. In 1922, Mussolini and his army marched to Rome to petition to the king that Mussolini get a position in the government. The king invited Mussolini to be prime minister. By 1925, Mussolini became a dictator- Il Duche, and the king stepped down.

Mussolini’s actions-
1. “He made the trains run on time”- brought order and stability.
2. No freedoms
3. Censorship
4. Terror
5. Prison
6. Secret police
7. Executions
8. Army is built up- every male 8-83 had to sign up for army training.

There was extreme order in Italy, but also extreme terror.

The major difference between fascism and communism was in the economy. In a fascist country:
1. You could have private property.
2. Factories are told what to make, but make their own money.

Now, the communist and democratic countries join together to fight against a common enemy.

Aim: Germany: From liberal democracy to Fascist dictatorship

In the 1920s, Germany had a democratic government- the Weimar Republic, which was forced on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.

The Weimar Republic was replaced by a brutal, fascist dictatorship. How did this happen? Hitler’s rise to power. How and why? People let him take over and institute a fascist dictatorship. Why did they let this- didn’t they have a good government?
1. The Weimar Republic was no good- the government was weak and also hated because they signed the Treaty of Versailles. The Weimar Republic faced a lot of opposition from the Communists and Conservatives. The Germans didn’t want a democracy, but rather a strong government, which would have power. Many of the important politicians in the Weimar Republic were Jews, which led to anti-Semitism- blamed the Jews for the Republic’s problems.
2. Economic Depression- the situation in Germany was desperate. The economy was bad since WWI + the Great Depression in the US. There was terrible inflation now in Germany.
Hitler was able to rise to power now because Germany was so desperate.

Hitler was born in Austria. He tried to get into art school, but was turned down. He tried to get into the army, but landed up with the lowest position. During WWI, Hitler developed a raved anti- Semitic feeling.

In 1919, he organized a revolutionary group to overthrow the Weimar Republic called the Nazi party. His followers were known as:
1. Brown shirts
2. Storm Troopers
Hitler chose the swastika as his symbol. The swastika is an Indian symbol because Hitler felt he was from a mix of Indian and German blood- Aryan.

The Nazis hated everyone:
1. Democrats
2. Communists
3. Capitalists
In 1923, Hitler and the Brown shirts made an attempt to overthrow the government, but they failed. Hitler ended up in jail. While being imprisoned, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf. The main theme of this book was:
1. Lebensraum- living space= empire. The Germans deserve more space to live because they are superior.
2. Anti- Semitism- Aryans are the “master race”. Hitler was obsessed with race and didn’t care about religion. He believed that there were many races in the world and the Aryans are on the top, while the Jews are on the bottom. (Hitler said the Jews are insects, not humans.) For many German Jews, this was surprising because they were so nationalistic. Germany does have a long tradition of anti- Semitism:
a. Marin Luther
b. Otto Von Bismarck
c. Richard Wagner
At this time, France was the most anti-Semitic country. Hitler in Mein Kampf used the Jews as a scapegoat- he said Germany lost WWI because of the Jews.

When Hitler got out of jail, he printed his book and because of it he gained lots of support and popularity.

Hitler began to make rallies stating that Germany should:
1. Stop paying reparations
2. Build up an army
3. Create jobs

Hitler was able to brainwash many people and his power began to grow. By 1933, Hitler became chancellor of Germany and within a couple of months he declared himself dictator and the Weimar Republic toppled. Hitler killed the Nazis he didn’t trust and the Communists. Hitler said people are created to benefit the state. He took away people’s rights.

Hitler’s first anti-Semitic action was in 1935- the Nuremburg laws- discriminated Jews, mostly shutting them out of professions.