Dinim notes - Bishul... Deena Goldberg

Bishul
1) The basic premise of the melocha
2) The din of אש and תולדות אש
3) The rule if אין בישול אחר בישול בדבר יבש
4) The גזירת חכמים with regard to bishul

מחלוקת: is the אב מלאכה baking(אופה) or cooking(bishul)? This melocha is the last of the סידורא דפת so you’d thing that it should be אופה because the bread got baked. However, most rishonim hold that סידורא דפת is symbolic and baking was not a אב מלאכה {because some say that the מלאכת המשכן are the preparatory melachos and not the function melachos.} {And they cooked the dyes for the יריעות}

Bishul: causing a change in a food or substance by the use of heat.
The first 3 parts of the melocha apply to these words.
1) Basic Premise--causing a change in a substance with heat (soft to hard/hard to soft).
a. צלי- roasting
b. בישול- cooking
c. אופה- baking
d. טיגון- frying

Bishul is in a liquid- the change takes place in the substance while it’s in a hot liquid
צלי is without liquid- dry heat
אופה- is without liquid- dry heat
(צלי makes the hard to soft with a flame but אופה makes the soft too hard with a flame). טיגון is frying or sautéing with a small amount of oil (deep frying is considered אופה).
But what is causation in this case? What does it mean to cause a change?
Even making an indirect change (ex. I put a pot on the flame but I didn’t make it hot it was the flame that did it-still it’s indirectly my fault). The main changes that occur in food or drinks: inedible to edible.
So if a food in its raw state is edible is doing bishul on it אסור? (Ex. baked apple)
There is no אסור דאורייתא. However, bishul is applicable to food and non food alike. For ex. if you put a blech on the fire it’s usually ok unless a physical change will occur to it (change colors). Heat has to be hot enough to cause change. Not all heats cause bishul (solar heat). דאורייתא you’re allowed to boil your water with solar heat. But most types of solar heat are אסור דאורייתא.
Shiur bishul- the change is from inedible to edible
When does the change occur? Chazal say that the minimum for food is מאכל בן דרוסאי-the food of a refugee. The amount of time someone would wait if they were on the run or had no time. It’s a machlokes whether this is ½ or 1/3 of bishul. For liquid its יד סולדת when it reaches 110 F. The higher shiur is 160-170. Why is this bishul if the drink was already edible? Because heat is an important factor to people when it comes to liquids (you spill out cold coffee). Boiling isn’t the change here because it changes from liquid to gas. So it doesn’t really apply here.
All melachos have an act however bishul doesn’t because you don’t actually do you cause it. Why is it a problem? The act you did of contacting a substance with heat is the melacha. The rest which happens on its own is caused because of that. So therefore it can happen many times to a substance because you keep contacting it with heat.

There are methods of kiruv bishul- causing bishul to accelerate (although it would cook anyway)
• Moving food closer to heat-קירוב על האש
• Covering a pot while it’s on the flame-לכסות הקדרה
• Stirring-מגיס (because it causes it to cook more even- top gets hot)
• Removing some of the substance so that the remaining part will cook faster- פינוי התבשיל
Therefore make sure the food is cooked before shabbos so if you do any of the above you won’t be עובר on bishul. For the water in an urn to be considered cooked, use the higher shiur of יד סולדת.

2) אש and תולדות אש-a substance that gives off heat without its original source
There are different types of heat. For ex. you can either scramble an egg on a flame (active heat) or you can scramble it on a preheated pan (absorbed heat).
Sometimes you don’t even realize that the food got cooked because only the outer layer got affected.
There are about 6-7 levels of absorbed heat. It can even be done with hot foods. For ex., you pour hot gravy on an onion so it gets cooked.
There are 6 levels (plus another possible one).
• כלי ראשון
• עירוי
• כלי שני
• כלי שלישי
• כף
• דבר גוש
The כלי ראשון is the pot-the container cooked on the flame. If it’s on the flame, its כלי ראשון על האש. If it isn’t on the flame it’s called כלי ראשון שהותר מן האש. Almost anytime you put something into the pot it will cook so it’s אסור to put food in.
The כלי שני is the container you transfer the food into. If it was poured in it’s considered a complete כלי שני, if it was ladled in it’s a שאלה whether it’s considered a complete כלי שני.
The halachos of bishul don’t go according to physics (ex. יד סולדת isn’t the same as boiling pt.).
יד סולדת can be achieved by a direct or indirect heat. It’s like putting a food on an electric rod that had just had electricity running through. Or like putting a hot food onto a cold food so that the cold food will get cooked. Not all heat is the same. Although תולדות אש can cause bishul, not all types of it will. However אש always causes bishul.
When you cook with solar heat it’s not אסור דאורייתא however its אסור דרבנן (to make it look like bishul)because it looks like bishul. There is solar heat and secondary solar heat. Secondary solar heat is אסור because it will look like תולדות אש. For ex., you’ll see someone frying an egg on a preheated pan and you’ll think he heated it on a fire. But if you see someone cooking directly by using solar heat you won’t confuse it with anything else.


 כלי ראשון
While it’s on the fire is considered אש. When it’s not on the fire it’s considered תולדות אש. Anything that you’ll put into it will get cooked with one exception בשרא דתורא- ox meat- because it’s so tough- so that needs to be directly on the flame and not on תולדות אש. Let’s say you poured water the pot that’s not on the flame to cool it down its bishul because you cooked the water.
 כלי שני
It’s the container that you pour the contents of the pot into. If some of the food you put into it will get cooked it’s a כלי שני. קלי הבישול are foods that will get cooked in a כלי שני. חומר הבישול wont (they’re resistant to heat) however we don’t really know what’s the חומרי הבישול so we treat most foods as if they’re קלי הבישול.
Foods that we know are חומרי הבישול: water (so you can put an ice cube into hot foods), olive oil, fresh cinnamon sticks, fresh ginger and ox meat. But once any of these things are ground up and flaky they become קלי הבישול. Anything that is flaky and thin is considered קלי הבישול. Mined salt is a שאלה, but regular table salt (coarse salt not included) is fine because it has been processed and has undergone some heat. So you can put it into a כלי שני.
 ערוי
It’s a hot stream of liquid being poured into something. It gets cooled somewhat by the air so therefore it only causes bishul on the outer layer- קליפה. Therefore you can pour hot water on a baby bottle because it only cooks the outside of the bottle and the drink inside is unaffected. As a general rule if you cannot pour something into a כלי ראשון you may not do עירוי with it.
 כף
It’s a serving spoon or ladle. Some say that it’s counted as a כלי on its own and it will make the next one be a כלי שני as opposed to a כלי ראשון or a כלי שלישי as opposed to a כלי שני.
There are 3 levels
1- חומרי הבישול
2- Semi חומרי הבישול
3- קלי הבישול
There is a kind of fish called קולית הספנין that if you put this into a כלי שני it will get cooked. It’s one of the קלי הבישול. You’re not allowed to put tea bags into a כלי שני because its קלי הבישול. Poskim aren’t sure about כף, some say you can use it as a כלי ראשון but others say it’s not because it never cooked over the flame, so it must be a כלי שני. But some say if you put it into the soup it assumes the level of the soup. So then it’s still a כלי ראשון. So the next bowl is either a כלי שני or a כלי שלישי. Which one is it? It makes a big difference whether the bowl is a כלי שני or a כלי שלישי because you cannot put קלי הבישול into a כלי שני. So the Mishnah Berurah says that since we don’t know, we should be machmir and consider it to be a כלי שני (so don’t put in any קלי הבישול). However you may put in one of the קלי הבישול that’s already been cooked or baked because אין בישול אחר בישול בדבר יבש. אין בישול אחר בישול בדבר יבש is a ספק so don’t use it when bowl is surely a כלי שני but when it’s a ספק כלי שני or a כלי שלישי you can rely on it. So you may put matzah/ croutons etc. in soup but not spices because it’s fresh. (Croutons are deep fried which is the same as bishul so its fine. Matzah is done with אפייה and not bishul so you can’t say אין בישול אחר בישול because maybe יש בישול אחר אפייה so it’s different than croutons. So why is it permissible? Because בישול אחר אפייה is a ספק and so is כף. So if you ladle it out it’s not for sure a כלי שני so it’s ok.)
However, do not keep ladle sitting in soup, but keep it out and only dip it into the bowl when necessary.
 דבר גוש
It’s when the food is thick (for ex., cholent, mashed potatoes). That always has the din of a כלי ראשון. So whatever number כלי it is in, it’s not allowed to have another food put into it. Then if you spoon it out onto a plate, it’s a ספק whether it’s a כלי שני or a כלי ראשון. So only put in חומרי הבישול.
Liquids that have been cooked but cooled down are a problem to reheat. But you usually can be מיקל.
Some poskim say that a דבר גוש always gives its container the din of a כלי ראשון. We are machmir to hold this way. (When the דבר גוש is in a liquid it doesn’t always have the din of a כלי ראשון) You can put salt in because it’s a ספק and a דבר גוש is also a ספק so there’s room to מיקל. But some are still machmir not to. Other than that לכתחילה you should only put in cooked foods or drinks. You cannot put in raw food or drinks. Let’s say you have cholent on a plate next to coleslaw- it’s a problem if they touch because the דבר גוש might cook the coleslaw. It’s questionable-don’t do it! Can you put ketchup onto hot chicken even though ketchup is cooked? Maybe you’d think no because it’s not a דבר גוש. R’ Moshe Feinstein said its ok. (Explained below)
3) בישול אחר בישול
We have a כלל of אין בישול אחר בישול בדבר יבש. That means that you can put a cooked food even into a כלי ראשון because bishul won’t happen again. But it must be a כלי ראשון שהותר מן האש (can’t be on the fire).
But there are 2 conditions
a) The food must be a דבר יבש not a דבר לח.
b) It must be the same type of bishul previously done to the food (for ex. Fried chicken can be refried but not baked).
Making a tea
Teabags are קלי הבישול (make sure they’re kosher). If you pour water directly from the urn and then put the teabag into it its bishul (because its עירוי כלי ראשון). If you pour water from a כלי ראשון and then put the teabag into it its אסור (because you can’t be סומך on עירוי כלי ראשון). But you can put the teabag into a כלי שלישי. It’s good to make tea cense before Shabbos, kept warm and on Shabbos put it into a cup of hot כלי שני water (tea cense- soak tea bags in warm water). Why can’t you pour water into soaked tea bags? Because then you’ll be doing עירוי and the tea bag itself will get cooked but not the contents.
You can reheat a דבר לח that is warm but not if it’s not longer warm enough that someone wouldn’t eat it. So if you have a bowl of soup that has been cooled down, if it didn’t yet reach the level that it wouldn’t taste good enough to eat it you can reheat it.
If you have a glass that is still drying off and now you want to pour in a hot liquid you should dry it off first. That’s if it’s an accumulation of liquid in it. But if there are just residual droplets its fine even if it’s cold.
4) גזירת חכמים
There are 4 גזירות
i. שהי-יה- the requirement of putting a blech on a stovetop. שהי-יה means to remain- nothing happening. Even though מן התורה you could start cooking (causing change) sometime right before shabbos, the chachomim made this אור
ii. חזרה- the prohibition of putting something on the blech or back on the blech. Even if you put something into a pot that had food and then returned the pot to the blech, that’s חזרה to the new food you put in even if it’s not חזרה to the pot itself because you fulfilled the certain conditions: עודה בידו, and having in mind to put back the pot onto the blech. Its חזרה because you added something new.
iii. הטמנה- insulating a hot food before shabbos while its still on its source of heat. This is הטמנה בדבר שמוסיף הבל. Its מותר if its הטמנה בדבר שאינו מוסיף הבל and it’s before shabbos.
iv. רחיצה- you cannot shower on shabbos or yom tov.
שהי-יה
You must cover the stove with a blech. You cannot leave a pot of raw food to remain of an open flame (if you put it on night before shabbos). So put a blech- this allows a pot of food to be put on a flame because now the flame is covered. Not every covering can do the job. If it’s not properly covered it does not fill the conditions of גרופה קטומה. So you can’t use such a blech. But if the blech is גרופה קטומה its fine. But you should know that although it’s not אסור to put a pot of raw food on the blech right before shabbos it’s not recommended because maybe you’ll do חזרה of kiruv bishul.
An oven has a flame but you can’t see it so you might think its fine. But it’s not because you can’t see it rather it’s not גרופה קטומה because if you look hard enough you’ll see it. Why do flames need to be covered? 1~because the chachamim were afraid שמא יחטה בגחלים- maybe he’ll fan the flames of the coals. So if you hide it you won’t fan the flames. This is גרופה. 2~ because we want a היכר that it’s not allowed so we cover it. This is קטומה.
We pasken that just the flames must be covered but there are those that say also knobs have to be covered- so blechs have a front.
שהי-יה doesn’t technically apply if food is completely cooked (at least מאכל בן דרוסאי). But still you should user a blech because it otherwise looks like a זלזול because everybody does it.
If you have a blech you may take food that’s raw and put it on the blech right before shabbos.
An oven isn’t considered covered so its not גרופה קטומה. Even though the flame isn’t very visible it’s a problem because the דרך העולם is to cook on there. So if its not at least 1/3 cooked before shabbos you can’t put food in there. לכתחילה 1* you’re food should be at least מאכל בן דרוסאי 2* you should cover you’re flame with a blech.
חזרה
You cannot return food the flame even if theres a blech and even if its not bishul (its already been cooked). So you can use a הפסק קדירה- put it on top of a pot (some people use an upside down plate on the blech but not everybody agrees because they say that it needs to have food in it). Why? So it won’t look like bishul. Therefore if you want to take it off how can do a kosher חזרה?
 When you take it off and put it back on it must be fully cooked
 When you take it off you must have in mind to put it back (be חוזר)- דעתו להחזיר
 The whole time that it’s off the flame you need to be holding it or grasping it even if it’s down on the counter.
 When you put it back it needs to be warm
 When you put it back you must put it on a blech – you cannot put it back into the oven
So a crock pot needs a קטומה in order to do חזרה with it. Some say that its considered as though it already has a kosher covering but it’s advisable to make a blech for it by putting in aluminum foil. Also crock pots don’t have a problem with שהי-יה if it’s completely cooked or at least 1/3 cooked before shabbos.
R’ Moshe: blechs have 3 areas
 אש- where the fire is
 יד סולדת- area close enough around the fire that is ד סולדת
 צינו- beyond that (not as hot)
You may move the pot back and forth between אש and יד סולדת without any conditions. But if you want to move between אש and צינו (it’s like a regular countertop) so you need the conditions when you dish out cholent don’t do it over אש because its מגיס.
הטמנה
הטמנה is a גזירת חכמים of bishul. It means להטמין – to hide – insulating a hot food by covering it. Why was the גזירה made? For the times of the gemara but we keep them. After they cooked food they either put it in sand or wool material or coals so they made this אסורbecause they might fan the flames.
There are 2 types
a. הטמנה בדבר המעמיד הבל- maintains heat
b. הטמנה כדבר המוסיף הבל- adds heat
An ex. of this is wrapping a pot in a blanket. Some of these keep in heat but some generate heat. For ex. sand is מעמיד הבל and salt is מוסיף הבל.
If before shabbos you wrap a pot in a regular blanket and you shut the flame = מעמיד. If you do the same but the blanket is electric = מוסיף. Both מעמיד and מוסיף are אסור on shabbos. But before shabbos מעמיד is מותר.
If you have pots on a blech over a flame you cannot wrap it while it’s on the blech because even though the blanket is not an active source of heat there is a source of heat underneath so it’s as if the blanket is causing it heat.
There are 4 rules of הטמנה
I. כלו – must be completely covered. So if you leave a substantial amount uncovered its not הטמנה
II. Its only with כלי ראשון – so you may put hot water into a כלי שני
III. כונה – its only when you intend to do הטמנה. So if you cover the pot only to keep out unwanted particles its ok so therefore you can cover a pot on a blech right before shabbos.
IV. The covering has to be touching the food so if you put a hot potato on a plate and cover it with a glass bowl that doesn’t touch its fine.